1Department of Urology/State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People＇s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; 2Force Medical Team, 92261 Troops of PLA; 3Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases
Abstract：Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)is a kind of RNA which possess longer than 200 nucleotides and lack of protein coding function. It was recognized as junk sequence for a long time. Recent studies have found that lncRNAs were actively function in almost every aspect of cell biology, and involved in a variety of biological functions. LncRNAs were closely related to a variety of human diseases, especially tumors. Recently, lncRNAs were being increasingly reported in Renal Cancer. Following is a review of the classification and functions of lncRNAs, and also the latest research progresses of lncRNAs in renal cancer.
[1] International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature, 2004,431(7011):931-945. [2] Ponting CP, Oliver PL, Reik W. Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell, 2009,136(4):629-641. [3] Dietrich D, Meller S, Uhl B, et al. Nucleic acid-based tissue biomarkers of urologic malignancies. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 2014,51(4):173-199. [4] Wahlestedt C. Targeting long non-coding RNA to therapeutically upregulate gene expression. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2013,12(6):433-446. [5] Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016,66(2):115-132. [6] Murai M, Oya M. Renal cell carcinoma: Etiology, incidence and epidemiology. Curr Opin Urol, 2004,14(4):229-233. [7] Capitanio U, Montorsi F. Renal cancer. Lancet, 2016,387(10021):894-906. [8] Ma X, Wang L, Li H, et al. Predictive immunohistochemical markers related to drug selection for patients treated with sunitinib or sorafenib for metastatic renal cell cancer. Sci Rep, 2016,(6):30886. [9] Guo M, Cao Y, Yang J, et al. A comparison of drug resistances of targeted drugs for advanced renal cell cancer approved by the food and drug administration: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Cancer Res Ther, 2016,12(Supplement):109-115. [10] Gudas LJ, Fu L, Minton DR, et al. The role of HIF1α in renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. J Mol Med (Berl), 2014,92(8):825-836. [11] Wan L, Huang J, Chen J, et al. Expression and significance of foxp1, HIF-1α and VEGF in renal clear cell carcinoma. J BUON, 2015,20(1):188-195. [12] Ma X, Shen D, Li H, et al. MicroRNA-185 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis by targeting VEGFA directly in von Hippel-Lindau-Inactivated clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2015,33(4):169.e161-111. [13] Gao Y, Ma X, Yao Y, et al. Mir-155 regulates the proliferation and invasion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells by targeting e2f2. Oncotarget, 2016,7(15):20324-20337. [14] Ma L, Bajic VB, Zhang Z. On the classification of long non-coding RNAs. RNA Biol, 2013,10(6):925-933. [15] Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Sunkin SM, et al. Specific expression of long noncoding RNAs in the mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008,105(2):716-721. [16] Isin M, Dalay N. LncRNAs and neoplasia. Clin Chim Acta, 2015,444:280-288. [17] Nie L, Wu HJ, Hsu JM, et al. Long non-coding RNAs: Versatile master regulators of gene expression and crucial players in cancer. Am J Transl Res, 2012,4(2):127-150. [18] Yuan C, Wang J, Harrison AP, et al. Genome-wide view of natural antisense transcripts in arabidopsis thaliana. DNA Res, 2015,22(3):233-243. [19] Posadas DM, Carthew RW. MicroRNAs and their roles in developmental canalization. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 2014,27:1-6. [20] Mercer TR, Mattick JS. Structure and function of long noncoding RNAs in epigenetic regulation. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2013,20(3):300-307. [21] Brown CJ, Ballabio A, Rupert JL, et al. A gene from the region of the human x inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive x chromosome. Nature, 1991,349(6304):38-44. [22] Hung T, Wang Y, Lin MF, et al. Extensive and coordinated transcription of noncoding RNAs within cell-cycle promoters. Nat Genet, 2011,43(7):621-629. [23] Huarte M, Guttman M, Feldser D, et al. A large intergenic noncoding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene repression in the p53 response. Cell, 2010,142(3):409-419. [24] Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, et al. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation. Mol Cell, 2010,39(6):925-938. [25] Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, et al. Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase. Nat Med, 2008,14(7):723-730. [26] Yuan JH, Yang F, Wang F, et al. A long noncoding RNA activated by tgf-beta promotes the invasion-metastasis cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2014,25(5):666-681. [27] Yoon JH, Abdelmohsen K, Srikantan S, et al. LincRNA-p21 suppresses target mRNA translation. Mol Cell, 2012,47(4):648-655. [28] Gumireddy K, Li A, Yan J, et al. Identification of a long non-coding RNA-associated rnp complex regulating metastasis at the translational step. EMBO J, 2013,32(20):2672-2684. [29] Bertozzi D, Iurlaro R, Sordet O, et al. Characterization of novel antisense HIF-1α transcripts in human cancers. Cell Cycle, 2011,10(18):3189-3197. [30] Kapranov P, Cheng J, Dike S, et al. RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription. Science, 2007,316(5830):1484-1488. [31] Chen J, Chen Y, Gu L, et al. LncRNAs act as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget, 2016. [epub ahead of print] [32] Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, et al. Malat-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene, 2003,22(39):8031-8041. [33] Zhang HM, Yang FQ, Chen SJ, et al. Upregulation of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol, 2015,36(4):2947-2955. [34] Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Shahryari V, et al. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 promotes aggressive renal cell carcinoma through ezh2 and interacts with mir-205. Cancer Res, 2015,75(7):1322-1331. [35] Xiao H, Tang K, Liu P, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate zeb2 expression by sponging mir-200s in clear cell kidney carcinoma. Oncotarget, 2015,6(35):38005-38015. [36] Argani P, Yonescu R, Morsberger L, et al. Molecular confirmation of t(6;11)(p21;q12) renal cell carcinoma in archival paraffin-embedded material using a break-apart tfeb fish assay expands its clinicopathologic spectrum. Am J Surg Pathol, 2012,36(10):1516-1526. [37] Hajjari M, Salavaty A. Hotair: An oncogenic long non-coding RNA in different cancers. Cancer Biol Med, 2015,12(1):1-9. [38] Nagano T, Mitchell JA, Sanz LA, et al. The air noncoding RNA epigenetically silences transcription by targeting G9a to chromatin. Science, 2008,322(5908):1717-1720. [39] Bhan A, Mandal SS. LncRNA HOTAIR: A master regulator of chromatin dynamics and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2015,1856(1):151-164. [40] Wu Y, Liu J, Zheng Y, et al. Suppressed expression of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR inhibits proliferation and tumourigenicity of renal carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol, 2014,35(12):11887-11894. [41] Pei CS, Wu HY, Fan FT, et al. Influence of curcumin on hotair-mediated migration of human renal cell carcinoma cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014,15(10):4239-4243. [42] Chiyomaru T, Fukuhara S, Saini S, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is targeted and regulated by miR-141 in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem, 2014,289(18):12550-12565. [43] Mummert SK, Lobanenkov VA, Feinberg AP. Association of chromosome arm 16q loss with loss of imprinting of insulin-like growth factor-ii in wilms tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2005,43(2):155-161. [44] Hubertus J, Lacher M, Rottenkolber M, et al. Altered expression of imprinted genes in wilms tumors. Oncol Rep, 2011,25(3):817-823. [45] Rainier S, Johnson LA, Dobry CJ, et al. Relaxation of imprinted genes in human cancer. Nature, 1993,362(6422):747-749. [46] Ohlsson R, Renkawitz R, Lobanenkov V. Ctcf is a uniquely versatile transcription regulator linked to epigenetics and disease. Trends Genet, 2001,17(9):520-527. [47] Wang L, Cai Y, Zhao X, et al. Down-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 inhibits carcinogenesis of renal cell carcinoma. Neoplasma, 2015,62(3):412-418. [48] Yu X, Li Z. Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 in tumor biology. Oncol Lett, 2015,10(4):1953-1958. [49] Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, et al. GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene, 2009,28(2):195-208. [50] Qiao HP, Gao WS, Huo JX, et al. Long non-coding RNA GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013,14(2):1077-1082. [51] Zhou Y, Zhang X, Klibanski A. Meg3 noncoding RNA: A tumor suppressor. J Mol Endocrinol, 2012,48(3):R45-53. [52] Zhao J, Dahle D, Zhou Y, et al. Hypermethylation of the promoter region is associated with the loss of meg3 gene expression in human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005,90(4):2179-2186. [53] Wang M, Huang T, Luo G, et al. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 induces renal cell carcinoma cells apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial pathway. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, 2015,35(4):541-545. [54] Thrash-Bingham CA, Tartof KD. aHIF: a natural antisense transcript overexpressed in human renal cancer and during hypoxia. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1999,91(2):143-151. [55] DeOcesano-Pereira C, Amaral MS, Parreira KS, et al. Long non-coding RNA INXS is a critical mediator of BCL-XS induced apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res, 2014,42(13):8343-8355. [56] Lee MP, DeBaun MR, Mitsuya K, et al. Loss of imprinting of a paternally expressed transcript, with antisense orientation to kvlqt1, occurs frequently in beckwith-wiedemann syndrome and is independent of insulin-like growth factor ii imprinting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999,96(9):5203-5208. [57] Chiesa N, De Crescenzo A, Mishra K, et al. The KCNQ1OT1 imprinting control region and non-coding RNA: New properties derived from the study of beckwith-wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome cases. Hum Mol Genet, 2012,21(1):10-25. [58] Cao Y, Xu R, Xu X, et al. Downregulation of lncRNA CASC2 by microRNA-21 increases the proliferation and migration of renal cell carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep, 2016,14(1):1019-1025. [59] Qu L, Ding J, Chen C, et al. Exosome-transmitted lncarsr promotes sunitinib resistance in renal cancer by acting as a competing endogenous RNA. Cancer Cell, 2016,29(5):653-668. [60] Wu Y, Tan C, Weng WW, et al. Long non-coding RNA linc00152 is a positive prognostic factor for and demonstrates malignant biological behavior in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res, 2016,6(2):285-299. [61] Liu Z, Yan HY, Xia SY, et al. Downregulation of long non-coding RNA TRIM52-AS1 functions as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep, 2016,13(4):3206-3212. [62] Xiong J, Liu Y, Jiang L, et al. High expression of long non-coding RNA lncRNA-ATB is correlated with metastases and promotes cell migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2016,46(4):378-384. [63] Xue S, Li QW, Che JP, et al. Decreased expression of long non-coding RNA NBAT-1 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2015,8(4):3765-3774. [64] Ellinger J, Alam J, Rothenburg J, et al. The long non-coding RNA lnc-ZNF180-2 is a prognostic biomarker in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res, 2015,5(9):2799-2807. [65] Zhang HM, Yang FQ, Yan Y, et al. High expression of long non-coding RNA SPRY4-IT1 predicts poor prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2014,7(9):5801-5809. [66] Yao J, Chen Y, Wang Y, et al. Decreased expression of a novel lncRNA CADM1-AS1 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2014,7(6):2758-2767. [67] Song S, Wu Z, Wang C, et al. RCCRT1 is correlated with prognosis and promotes cell migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 2014,84(3):730.e731-737. [68] Sakurai K, Reon BJ, Anaya J, et al. The lncRNA DRAIC/PCAT29 Locus Constitutes a Tumor-Suppressive Nexus. Mol Med Rep, 2015,13(5):828-838. [69] Li Y, Wang T, Li Y, et al. Identification of long-non coding RNA UCA1 as an oncogene in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep, 2016,13(4):3326-3334. [70] Wu Y, Wang YQ, Weng WW, et al. A serum-circulating long noncoding RNA signature can discriminate between patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and healthy controls. Oncogenesis, 2016, (5):e192. [71] Blondeau JJ, Deng M, Syring I, et al. Identification of novel long non-coding RNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Clin Epigenetics, 2015,7(1):10.
