激光剜除术在前列腺增生中的应用进展
安子彦1, 赵健1, 符伟军1△, 张旭1
1中国人民解放军总医院泌尿外科医学部100853 北京
通信作者:符伟军,fuweijun@hotmail.com

作者简介:审校者

摘要

在良性前列腺增生(BPH)的腔内微创治疗方法中,经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)一直被视为金标准。近20年来,各种基于激光能量平台的前列腺剜除术不断涌现,在临床实践中已被证明具有效率高、并发症少等优点,相较于TURP有更优异的安全性和临床疗效。因此研究者们普遍认为激光剜除术有望代替TURP成为BPH外科治疗的新标准。本文就近年来各种激光剜除术在前列腺增生中的应用进展作一综述。

关键词: 前列腺增生; 激光; 剜除
Application advances of laser enucleation in benign prostatic hyperplasia
AN Ziyan1, ZHAO Jian1, FU Weijun1△, ZHANG Xu1
1Senior Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: FU Weijun,fuweijun@hotmail.com
Abstract

In the minimally invasive intracavitary treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has always been regarded as the gold standard. In the past two decades, various enucleation procedures of prostate based on laser energy platform had emerged continuously, which had been proved to have the advantages of high efficiency and less complications in clinical practice. Compared with TURP, laser enucleation has better safety and clinical efficacy. So researchers generally believe that laser enucleation is expected to replace TURP to become the new standard for surgical treatment of BPH. This article reviews the application progress of various laser enucleation procedures in BPH in recent years.

Keyword: benign prostate hyperplasia; laser; enucleation

良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH)在中老年男性中高发, 并且随着年龄增长其发病率逐年上升, 可导致不同程度的膀胱出口梗阻等症状, 最终对患者带来极大的困扰。经尿道前列腺切除术(transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP)自20世纪30年代出现以来一直被认为是BPH手术的金标准, 但研究表明TURP可造成一些严重的并发症, 如急性尿潴留(4.5%)、反复血尿(3.5%)、尿道狭窄(4.1%)、尿路感染(4.1%)、经尿道电切综合征(0.8%)等[1]。为了寻找TURP的替代方法, 激光技术于20世纪末被应用于前列腺增生手术中, 并衍生出许多术式。其中Fraundorfer等[2]首次尝试了钬激光前列腺剜除术(holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, HoLEP), 并获得了良好的效果, 此后前列腺激光剜除术便成了研究者们关注的话题。

目前常用的激光主要为钬激光(holmium laser)、铥激光(thulium laser)、绿激光(green laser)、半导体激光(diode laser)等, 方法包括切除、汽化和剜除这三大类。常见的激光剜除手术一般是通过切割法或撕裂法分离黏膜而暴露外科包膜(增生腺体压迫正常腺体形成的一层包膜), 当分离出白色光滑的平面、其上有纤维粘连和清晰的血管走行时, 说明外科包膜寻找正确。在建立此包膜平面后, 用镜鞘模拟手指推动腺体, 或激光脉冲波分离腺体, 逆行或顺行剥离左右叶, 完整分离腺体并推入膀胱, 并且精准止血, 随后用组织粉碎器进行粉碎。相比较TURP在切割过程中容易迷失方向、切割过深、切割过程中易反复出血等缺点, 剜除术可通过把握好解剖平面, 进行高效的剜除与止血, 并且激光的能量释放相对减少, 在降低组织的热损伤和并发症发生率方面有明显优势[3]。为此, 本文对近年来激光剜除术在前列腺增生中的应用进展作一综述。

1 钬激光前列腺剜除术

钬激光是一种固态脉冲式激光, 波长2 140 nm, 吸收物质主要是水, 组织损伤深度约为0.4 mm, 在体内进行快速切割时会产生爆破作用, 因此在分离外科包膜平面时, 可通过爆破作用快速分离腺体与包膜。1998年Fraundorfer等[2]首次提出HoLEP, 并将其成功应用于临床。此后HoLEP在临床上被逐渐应用, 并被EAU指南推荐为治疗BPH的有效方法[4]。多项研究证据表明HoLEP疗效优异, Fallara等[5]对125例接受HoLEP的患者进行长达10年的随访, 结果表明75%的患者术后10年内排尿症状始终保持良好, 只有不到5%的患者因膀胱颈收缩或尿道狭窄而再次接受治疗。两项Meta分析结果显示, HoLEP的输血率、住院时间和尿管留置时间均低于TURP, 且HoLEP对国际前列腺症状评分(international prostate symptom score, IPSS)、术后最大尿流率(the maximum flow rate, Qmax)、生活质量评分(quality of life score, QOL)、排尿后剩余尿量(post-voiding residual urine volume, PVR)等关键指标的改善优于TURP, 但手术时间较长, 可能与手术期间需更换粉碎器设备有关[6, 7]。另外HoLEP与选择性绿激光前列腺汽化术(greenlight photoselective vaporization of the prostate, PVP)相比也有一定的优势。一项长期随访研究显示, HoLEP术后5年的QOL、IPSS、Qmax和PSA改善程度均优于PVP[8]。同时一项Meta分析表明相比PVP, HoLEP对术后Qmax和PVR改善明显[9]。除此之外, 新一代钬激光采用了独特的脉冲调制系统和光纤技术, 即新型摩西激光(moses laser), 改善了激光的能量传递。初步临床研究表明该新型摩西激光可提高剜除效率和止血效果, 减少组织损伤和碳化, 使手术过程更顺畅[10, 11]

在安全性方面, 一项Meta分析结果显示, HoLEP期间持续服用抗凝药物虽然会增加术后出血风险及输血率, 但是输血率(4.0%)仍低于TURP(6.4%)和开放手术(14%)[12]。此外抗凝组和非抗凝组的血红蛋白下降率无明显差异, 与Boeri等[13]和Becker等[14]研究结果一致, 说明HoLEP在治疗服用抗凝药患者时较TURP更安全[14]。而HoLEP在治疗大体积前列腺(> 80 mL), 甚至是超大体积(> 200 mL)时, 也被证明具有足够的安全性[15, 16]

但HoLEP对性功能的保护有所不足, 一项回顾性队列研究表明, 在535例接受HoLEP的患者中, 有495例(92.5%)术后发生了逆行射精, 这远高于TURP[17]。学习曲线长也是HoLEP的一大缺点, 初期的研究认为需要50例手术才能掌握该技术[18, 19]。而近年一些研究表明, 完成25~50例HoLEP手术后会达到一个平台期[20, 21]。难点主要在于对外科包膜的识别和保持, 以及对组织粉碎器的使用。综上所述, HoLEP在多个方面已超越TURP, 并被指南推荐, 认为其能代替TURP及开放手术, 但学习难度较高, 对在各级医院的推广有所影响。

2 铥激光前列腺剜除术

铥激光分为铥固体激光和铥光纤激光, 两者的波长分别为2 013 nm和1 940 nm, 前者出现较早, 最初被称为2 μ m激光, 后者为近年新出现的铥光纤激光。铥激光波长与组织中水的1.92 μ m吸收峰值高度匹配, 使其对组织穿透深度在0.1~0.2 mm, 更易做到精细操作, 对组织的热损伤小[22]。而且能够快速而精确地切割组织, 只产生少量气泡, 切割创面平滑, 止血效果优异。Herrmann等[23]2010年首次报道了铥激光前列腺剜除术(thulium laser enucleation of the prostate, ThuLEP), 提出了“ 激光辅助下经尿道解剖性前列腺剜除术” 这一概念, 特点在于对腺体进行钝性剥离, 只用铥激光切开粘连纤维和点状凝固血管, 从而建立一个清晰无出血的视野, 并尽可能减少能量释放, 此后众多研究者开始探索这一术式。

在临床疗效方面, Xiao等[24]纳入了5篇随机对照试验进行Meta分析, 结论为ThuLEP和HoLEP具有同样的临床疗效和安全性, 但ThuLEP在剜除时间和围手术期出血量、术后1个月Qmax、PVR和术后12个月IPSS等方面均优于HoLEP, 这与另一项随访时长为18个月的随机对照试验结论一致[25]。Enikeev等[26]的研究表明, 相比开放手术, ThuLEP在处理大体积前列腺(> 80 mL)时可以缩短尿管留置时间和住院时间, 术后并发症发生率更低。而另一项研究表明对于小体积前列腺(< 80 mL), 铥激光精确的组织切割同样能帮助外科医生从包膜中剥离增生组织, 且术后恢复快、止血效果好[27]

在性功能保护方面, Carmignani等[28]对74例具有正常射精功能的患者行ThuLEP术后, 58例(78.4%)保留了射精功能, 相比其他文献报道的结果有明显改善, 分析原因可能是激光组织穿透深度浅, 剜除过程中未对包膜的神经血管束造成损伤。Bozzini等[29]提出了一种改良ThuLEP术式, 术中保留精阜上方1.5 cm组织和两侧叶顶端组织, 结果在术后3个月时有71.7%的患者保留了顺行射精, 术后6个月时这一比例增加到77.4%, 且勃起功能未受影响, 说明ThuLEP对性功能有良好的保护。

ThuLEP的学习曲线相比HoLEP较短, Enikeev等[30]的研究显示, 当术者完成21~30例手术时, ThuLEP的剜除效率(1.3 g/min)比HoLEP(0.9 g/min)明显提高, 差异有统计学意义(P=0.011), 这表明熟练掌握该项技术大约需30例手术, 这一结果与Saredi的研究结果相同[31]。总的来说, 得益于其对组织的轻微损伤, ThuLEP的表现似乎比HoLEP还优异, 可较好地保护性功能, 适用范围广泛, 如想代替HoLEP, 未来还需更多的研究验证。

3 绿激光前列腺剜除术

绿激光由磷酸钛钾或三硼酸锂组成, 其波长为532 nm, 人体内血红蛋白作为光能的血管内靶点, 能够对绿激光进行选择性吸收, 因而止血能力较强。绿激光的组织穿透深度为0.8 mm, 汽化作用较强。EAU指南曾将PVP作为BPH的微创治疗方案[4], 但由于组织碳化、术野模糊等原因, PVP难以保证合适的汽化深度, 过深会导致包膜穿孔, 过浅则会残余较多腺体。因此Sancha等[32]在2015年提出了绿激光前列腺剜除术(green laser enucleation of the prostate, GreenLEP), 该术式能够清晰识别外科包膜, 完整剜除增生腺体, 减少了汽化时包膜受损穿孔的机会。

Misrai等[33]在此基础上比较了GreenLEP和PVP的手术效果, 结果显示这两种手术在安全性、临床疗效方面无明显差别, 但GreenLEP前列腺剜除效率更高, 手术时间明显缩短(60 min vs. 82 min), 术后Qmax改善程度明显(78% vs. 64%)。Nguyen等[34]研究了手术时间与前列腺大小的关系, 发现GreenLEP(0.32 min/g)的剜除效率大于HoLEP(0.28 min/g)和PVP(0.63 min/g), 与ThuLEP(0.32 min/g)相同。

在症状改善方面, Huet等[35]的研究表明, GreenLEP组100例患者在术后一年时只有1例保留了顺行射精, 而PVP组有24例患者保留了这一功能, 但GreenLEP组的勃起功能有所提高, 可能得益于GreenLEP对PSA、IPSS、Qmax等尿路症状的改善。符伟军等[36]研究发现GreenLEP用钝性剥离代替热能汽化, 可减少对前列腺组织的热损伤, 降低术后尿失禁和尿路刺激症状的发生, 且完整剜除腺体后能够达到与开放手术相近的效果, 适用于大体积前列腺手术。

对于GreenLEP的学习曲线, Panthier等[37]认为该术式的学习曲线大约为30例。而Peyronnet等[38]发现HoLEP与GreenLEP的学习曲线分别为22~40例和14~30例, 且GreenLEP的前30例手术并发症更少, 认为与HoLEP相比, GreenLEP的学习曲线有缩短的趋势。由于GreenLEP出现时间较晚, 目前还未被研究者充分认识, 缺乏大样本的随机对照研究, 其临床疗效仍需进一步的观察评估。

4 半导体激光前列腺剜除术

半导体激光的波长很多, 目前常用于剜除术的有980 nm激光和1 470 nm激光。这两种激光的波长在水和血红蛋白中有很高的联合吸收率, 具有良好的止血效果和组织消融能力。这两种激光组织穿透深度较深, 980 nm激光为4~5 mm, 1 470 nm激光为1~3 mm[39, 40]。这一深度足以封闭大多数前列腺组织中的血管, 因此早期的汽化术常常会出现烧灼过深, 导致穿透包膜、组织坏死、膀胱颈挛缩、术后尿失禁等, 并发症发生率高[41]

为了改善这一现状, Buisan等[42]在2011年首次进行了半导体激光前列腺剜除术(diode laser enucleation of the prostate, DiLEP)的研究, 手术结果显示术后3个月IPSS和Qmax较术前均明显改善, 血红蛋白平均下降21 g/L, 术中和术后无输血, 术后1例尿道狭窄, 1例出现尿急症状, 并发症显著减少。此后He等[43]也进行了相关研究, 结果表明DiLEP(980 nm)与HoLEP组术后在并发症方面无明显差异, 总体发生率较低, 但DiLEP失血更少、血红蛋白变化更低, 因此研究人员认为DiLEP在止血方面比HoLEP有优势。两项前瞻性随机对照试验显示, 与双极等离子前列腺剜除术(plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate, PKEP)相比, DiLEP降低了出血风险, 减少了膀胱冲洗时间、导尿时间和住院时间, 血红蛋白变化更低, 但术后IPSS、QoL、Qmax和PVR无差异[44, 45]。Xiao等[46]纳入了4篇随机对照研究进行Meta分析, 结果显示相比PKEP组, DiLEP组出血量少, 术后导尿时间短, 冲洗时间短, 术后刺激性症状发生率低。然而一项双中心随机对照试验的研究结果表明DiLEP(980 nm)与PKEP相比, 临床疗效相近, 术后12个月的IPSS、Qmax改善程度、组织去除率及并发症发生率并无明显差异[47]

目前研究表明, DiLEP在止血方面有一定的优势, 可能是因为激光穿透深度对深部组织血管的凝固。但是考虑到前列腺包膜厚度仅为1~2 mm[48], 半导体激光1~5 mm的穿透深度可能会增加并发症发生率, 这在早期的汽化术中也有过报道[49]。因此半导体激光近几年来在国外很少被应用于前列腺手术, 主要用于耳鼻喉和口腔科等对组织穿透深度要求不高的手术中。目前关于DiLEP的研究缺乏高质量随机对照研究和长期随访数据, EAU和AUA指南对其推荐程度也较弱, 因此半导体激光在前列腺剜除中应用的安全性和临床疗效还有待进一步研究和验证。

5 总结

综上所述, 激光剜除术相较于传统的电切术而言, 具有剜除彻底、止血效果好、热损伤小等优点, 熟练配合组织粉碎器后, 还可进一步缩短手术时间, 尤其适用于大体积前列腺。同时术中还可根据情况切换剜除、切除或汽化方式, 以提高手术效率。在目前常用的四种激光剜除术中, HoLEP的临床疗效已获得多项研究的认可, 被EAU、AUA指南列为推荐术式; 铥激光止血效果好、组织穿透深度最浅, 研究表明ThuLEP具有替代HoLEP的潜力; GreenLEP和DiLEP出现时间稍晚, 其远期临床疗效仍需进一步的观察评估。相信随着新一代铥光纤激光、摩西激光等激光的应用, 以及更多高质量研究证据的出现, 激光剜除术有望成为前列腺增生外科治疗的新标准。

参考文献
[1] AHYAI SA, GILLING P, KAPLAN SA, et al. Meta-analysis of functional outcomes and complications following transurethral procedures for lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic enlargement. Eur Urol, 2010, 58(3): 384-397. [本文引用:1]
[2] FRAUNDORFER MR, GILLING PJ. Holmium: YAG laser enucleation of the prostate combined with mechanical morcellation: preliminary results. Eur Urol, 1998, 33(1): 69-72. [本文引用:2]
[3] HUANG SW, TSAI CY, TSENG CS, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of new surgical treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ, 2019, 367: l5919. doi: DOI:10.1136/bmj.l5919. [本文引用:1]
[4] OELKE M, BACHMANN A, DESCAZEAUD AA, et al. EAU guidelines on the treatment and follow-up of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol, 2013, 64(1): 118-140. [本文引用:2]
[5] FALLARA G, CAPOGROSSO P, SCHIFANO N, et al. Ten-year Follow-up Results After Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate. Eur Urol Focus, 2021, 7(3): 612-617. [本文引用:1]
[6] 杨春光, 唐焜, 凌青, . 经尿道电切术和钬激光剜除治疗前列腺增生的荟萃分析. 微创泌尿外科杂志, 2020, 9(1): 50-55. [本文引用:1]
[7] CORNU JN, AHYAI S, BACHMANN A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional outcomes and complications following transurethral procedures for lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic obstruction: an update. Eur Urol, 2015, 67(6): 1066-1096. [本文引用:1]
[8] SUN I, YOO S, PARK J, et al. Quality of Life after photo-selective vaporization and holmium-laser enucleation of the prostate: 5-year outcomes. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 16722. [本文引用:1]
[9] PENG L, ZHENG XN, WU JP, et al. Holmium laser technologies versus photoselective greenlight vaporization for patients with benign prostatichyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci, 2020, 35(7): 1441-1450. [本文引用:1]
[10] LARGE T, NOTTINGHAM C, STOUGHTON C, et al. Comparative study of Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate with Moses enabled pulsed laser modulation. Urology, 2020, 136: 196-201. [本文引用:1]
[11] NEVO A, FARAJ KS, CHENEY SM, et al. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate using Moses 2. 0 vs non‐moses: a rand omised controlled trial. BJU Int, 2021, 127(5): 553-559. [本文引用:1]
[12] ZHENG X, PENG L, CAO D, et al. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in benign prostate hyperplasia patients with or without oral antithrombotic drugs: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol, 2019, 51(12): 2127-2136. [本文引用:1]
[13] BOERI L, CAPOGROSSO P, VENTIMIGLIA E, et al. Clinical comparison of Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and bipolar transurethral enucleation of the prostate in patients under either anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Eur Urol Focus, 2020, 6(4): 720-728. [本文引用:1]
[14] BECKER B, NETSCH C, HANSEN J, et al. Perioperative safety in patient under oral anticoagulation during Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. J Endourol, 2019, 33(3): 219-224. [本文引用:2]
[15] 谷猛, 刘冲, 陈彦博, . 解剖标志导航钬激光剜除术治疗大体积前列腺增生的疗效分析. 中华泌尿外科杂志, 2019, 40(3): 206-209. [本文引用:1]
[16] ZELL MA, ABDUL-MUHSIN H, NAVARATNAM A, et al. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for very large benign prostatic hyperplasia (≥ 200 cc). World J Urol, 2021, 39(1): 129-134. [本文引用:1]
[17] GILD P, DAHLEM R, POMPE RS, et al. Retrograde ejaculation after Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP)-Impact on sexual function and evaluation of patient bother using validated questionnaires. Andrology, 2020, 8(6): 1779-1786. [本文引用:1]
[18] SHAH HN, MAHAJAN AP, SODHA HS, et al. Prospective evaluation of the learning curve for Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. J Urol, 2007, 177(4): 1468-1474. [本文引用:1]
[19] PLACER J, GELABERT-MAS A, VALLMANYA F, et al. Holmium laser enucleation of prostate: outcome and complications of self-taught learning curve. Urology, 2009, 73(5): 1042-1048. [本文引用:1]
[20] KAMPANTAIS S, DIMOPOULOS P, TASLEEM A, et al. Assessing the learning curve of holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP). Urology, 2018, 120: 9-22. [本文引用:1]
[21] ELSHAL AM, NABEEH H, ELDEMERDASH Y, et al. Prospective assessment of learning curve of Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a multidimensional approach. J Urol, 2017, 197(4): 1099-1107. [本文引用:1]
[22] BACH T, MUSCHTER R, SROKA R, et al. Laser treatment of benign prostatic obstruction: basics and physical differences. Eur Urol, 2012, 61(2): 317-325. [本文引用:1]
[23] HERRMANN T, BACH T, IMKAMP F, et al. Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate(ThuLEP): transurethral anatomical prostatectomy with laser support. Introduction of a novel technique for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction. World J Urol, 2010, 28(1): 45-51. [本文引用:1]
[24] XIAO KW, ZHOU L, HE Q, et al. Enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia Thulium laser versus Holmium laser: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci, 2019, 34(4): 815-826. [本文引用:1]
[25] ZHANG J, OU Z, ZHANG X, et al. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large-volume prostates > 80 ml: 18-month follow-up results. World J Urol, 2020, 38(6): 1555-1562. [本文引用:1]
[26] ENIKEEV D, OKHUNOV Z, RAPOPORT L, et al. Novel Thulium fiber laser for enucleation of prostate: a retrospective comparison with open simple prostatectomy. J Endourol, 2019, 33(1): 16-21. [本文引用:1]
[27] ENIKEEV D, NETSCH C, RAPOPORT L, et al. Novel Thulium fiber laser for endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: A prospective comparison with conventional transurethral resection of the prostate. Int J Urol, 2019, 26(12): 1138-1143. [本文引用:1]
[28] CARMIGNANI L, BOZZINI G, MACCHI A, et al. Sexual outcome of patients undergoing Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Androl, 2015, 17(5): 802-806. [本文引用:1]
[29] BOZZINI G, BERTI L, MALTAGLIATI M, et al. Ejaculation-sparing Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ES-ThuLEP): outcomes on a large cohort. World J Urol, 2021, 39(6): 2029-2035. [本文引用:1]
[30] ENIKEEV D, GLYBOCHKO P, RAPOPORT L, et al. A rand omized trial comparing the learning curve of 3 endoscopic enucleation techniques (HoLEP, ThuFLEP, and MEP) for BPH using mentoring Approach-Initial results. Urology, 2018, 121: 51-57. [本文引用:1]
[31] SAREDI G, PIROLA GM, PACCHETTI A, et al. Evaluation of the learning curve for Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate with the aid of a simulator tool but without tutoring: comparison of two surgeons with different levels of endoscopic experience. BMC Urol, 2015, 15: 49. doi: DOI:10.1186/s12894-015-0045-2. [本文引用:1]
[32] SANCHA GF, RIVERA VC, GEORGIEV G, et al. Common trend: move to enucleation—Is there a case for GreenLight enucleation? Development and description of the technique. World J Urol, 2015, 33(4): 539-547. [本文引用:1]
[33] MISRAI V, KEREVER S, PHE V, et al. Direct comparison of GreenLight laser XPS photoselective prostate vaporization and GreenLight laser En bloc enucleation of the prostate in enlarged gland s greater than 80 ml: a study of 120 patients. J Urol, 2016, 195(4 Pt 1): 1027-1032. [本文引用:1]
[34] NGUYEN DD, MISRAÏ V, BACH T, et al. Operative time comparison of aquablation, greenlight PVP, ThuLEP, GreenLEP, and HoLEP. World J Urol, 2020, 38(12): 3227-3233. [本文引用:1]
[35] HUET R, PEYRONNET B, KHENE ZE, et al. Prospective assessment of the sexual function after greenlight endoscopic enucleation and greenlight 180W XPS photoselective vaporization of the prostate. Urology, 2019, 131: 184-189. [本文引用:1]
[36] 符伟军, 王忠新, 王春杨, . 经尿道绿激光分叶剜除汽化术治疗良性前列腺增生14例. 海南医学, 2016, 27(10): 1675-1677. [本文引用:1]
[37] PANTHIER F, PASQUIER J, BRUEL S, et al. En bloc greenlight laser enucleation of prostate (GreenLEP): about the first hundred cases. World J Urol, 2020, 38(6): 1545-1553. [本文引用:1]
[38] PEYRONNET B, ROBERT G, COMAT V, et al. Learning curves and perioperative outcomes after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: a comparison between GreenLight 532-nm and Holmium lasers. World J Urol, 2017, 35(6): 973-983. [本文引用:1]
[39] SEITZ M, RUSZAT R, BAYER T, et al. Ex vivo and in vivo investigations of the novel 1470nm diode laser for potential treatment of benign prostatic enlargement. Lasers Med Sci, 2009, 24(3): 419-423. [本文引用:1]
[40] WEZEL F, WENDT-NORDAHL G, HUCK N, et al. New alternatives for laser vaporization of the prostate: experimental evaluation of a 980, 1318 and 1470nm diode laser device. World J Urol, 2010, 28(2): 181-186. [本文引用:1]
[41] LUSUARDI L, MITTERBERGER M, HRUBY S, et al. Update on the use of diode laser in the management of benign prostate obstruction in 2014. World J Urol, 2015, 33(4): 555-562. [本文引用:1]
[42] BUISAN O, SALADIE JM, RUIZ JM, et al. [ Diode laser enucleation of the prostate (Dilep): technique and initial results]. Actas Urol Esp, 2011, 35(1): 37-41. [本文引用:1]
[43] HE GF, SHU Y, WANG BH, et al. Comparison of diode laser (980 nm) enucleation vs Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a rand omized controlled trial with 12-Month Follow-Up. J Endourol, 2019, 33(10): 843-849. [本文引用:1]
[44] GANG W, HONG Z, CHAO L, et al. A comparative study of diode laser and plasmakinetic in transurethral enucleation of the prostate for treating large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia: a rand omized clinical trial with 12-month follow-up. Lasers Med Sci, 2016, 31(4): 599-604. [本文引用:1]
[45] ZHANG J, WANG XL, ZHANG YB, et al. 1470 nm diode laser enucleation vs plasmakinetic resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a rand omized study. J Endourol, 2019, 33(3): 211-217. [本文引用:1]
[46] XIAO KW, ZHOU L, HE Q, et al. Transurethral endoscopic enucleation of the prostate using a diode laser versus bipolar plasmakinetic for benign prostatic obstruction: a meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci, 2020, 35(5): 1159-1169. [本文引用:1]
[47] ZOU ZH, XU A, ZHENG SB, et al. Dual-centre rand omized-controlled trial comparing transurethral endoscopic enucleation of the prostate using diode laser vs. bipolar plasmakinetic for the treatment of LUTS secondary of benign prostate obstruction: 1-year follow-up results. World J Urol, 2018, 36(7): 1117-1126. [本文引用:1]
[48] SATTAR AA, NOËL JC, VANDERHAEGHEN JJ, et al. Prostate capsule: computerized morphometric analysis of its components. Urology, 1995, 46(2): 178-181. [本文引用:1]
[49] RUSZAT R, SEITZ M, WYLER SF, et al. Prospective single-centre comparison of 120-W diode-pumped solid-state high-intensity system laser vaporization of the prostate and 200-W high-intensive diode-laser ablation of the prostate for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int, 2009, 104(6): 820-825. [本文引用:1]