肾上腺平滑肌瘤3例报道并文献复习
张军1, 徐浩2, 李恒2, 栾阳2, 管维2
1随州市新华中西医结合医院泌尿外科441300 湖北随州
2华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院泌尿外科
通信作者:栾阳,yangluan@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn
摘要

目的:总结肾上腺平滑肌瘤患者的诊疗经验,提高对肾上腺平滑肌瘤的认识及诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析武汉同济医院2000–2020年的3例肾上腺平滑肌瘤患者的诊治过程及随访结果,并对已发表的相关文献进行复习总结。结果:3例患者中,2例无症状,1例间断轻度腰胀;1例合并克罗恩病,1例合并慢性乙型肝炎;1例存在促肾上腺皮质激素及血皮质醇升高,另外2例相关激素均在正常范围。影像学检查发现单侧肾上腺肿物,其中1例明显钙化,3例均行后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿物切除术,平均手术时间70 min,术中平均出血量103 mL,术后病理检查确认为肾上腺平滑肌瘤。术后3个月复查,异常的肾上腺相关激素水平均恢复正常,合并症控制良好。随访3~10年,均未复发。相关个案报道多为女性右侧肾上腺区偶发瘤,与HIV及EB病毒感染所致的免疫缺陷状态密切相关。结论:肾上腺平滑肌瘤为良性肿瘤,治疗以手术切除为主,预后良好,其发生可能与自身免疫功能紊乱存在密切关系。

关键词: 肾上腺平滑肌瘤; 肾上腺偶发瘤; 免疫功能; 后腹腔镜手术; 钙化
Adrenal Leiomyoma: report of 3 cases and review of literatures
ZHANG Jun1, XU Hao2, LI Heng2, LUAN Yang2, GUAN Wei2
1Department of Urology, Suizhou Xinhua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Suizhou 441300, China
2Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Corresponding author: LUAN Yang, yangluan@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn
Abstract

Objective: To improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of adrenal leiomyoma.Methods: From 2000 to 2020, the process of treatment and follow-up outcomes of three adrenal leiomyoma patients in Tongji Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, and the published literatures on this disease were reviewed.Results: Among the three cases, two were asymptomatic and one had intermittent mild lumbar distention. One had Crohn’s disease, one had chronic hepatitis B infection. One of them had elevated ACTH and cortisol, and the rest two cases had normal levels of adrenaline-related hormones. Unilateral adrenal incidentaloma was preliminarily diagnosed by imagine test in three cases and one of them had obvious calcification. All patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The mean operation time was 70 min with average bleeding amount of 103 mL. The pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of adrenal leiomyoma. After three months of operation, all the abnormal hormones and the complications returned to normal. No recurrence occurred within the 3 to 10 years of follow-up. Through review of literatures, we found most of involved cases were female patients with masses located in right adrenal area, and closely associated with the immunity dysregulation.Conclusions: Adrenal leiomyoma is a benign tumor with good prognosis. The ideal treatment is surgical resection of adrenal mass. The occurrence of adrenal leiomyoma might be closely associated with autoimmune dysfunction.

Keyword: adrenal leiomyoma; adrenal incidentaloma; immunity; retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery; calcification

平滑肌瘤为起源于平滑肌细胞的良性肿瘤, 常见于子宫及胃肠道[1, 2], 肾上腺平滑肌瘤极其罕见, 既往文献报道仅20余例, 因其多不伴临床症状, 因此常见于肾上腺偶发瘤[3, 4]。肾上腺平滑肌瘤在症状体征及影像学表现中并无特异性, 大小3~11 cm, 术前难以明确诊断及鉴别良恶性, 需要术后病理确诊。为了进一步认识肾上腺平滑肌瘤的临床特点, 提高对其的诊治水平, 我们回顾性分析2000年1月– 2020年6月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收治的3例患者的诊疗过程和随访结果, 并结合已发表的病例进行总结, 现报告如下。

1 资料与方法
1.1 病例资料

3例患者中, 男1例, 女2例, 平均年龄35.3岁。分别于2014、2017和2010年就诊。病例1和病例2分别因慢性乙型肝炎(长期服用恩替卡韦控制不佳)和克罗恩病(口服美沙拉嗪)就诊, 常规影像学检查中偶然发现肾上腺肿物转入泌尿外科治疗; 病例3因间断轻度腰胀半年就诊。3例患者均无高血压病、糖尿病、结核病, 生长发育良好, 2例营养一般, 1例存在向心性肥胖, BMI为29.5 kg/m2。所有患者均未触及腹部肿块及肿大的浅表淋巴结, 未服用其他特殊药物。基本资料详见表1

表1 病例资料及诊治随访结果
1.2 检验及检查

3例患者术前完善血常规、血生化、肾上腺相关激素[促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotrophic hormone, ACTH)]、8am血皮质醇、尿17-羟类固醇、尿17-酮类固醇、肾素、醛固酮、尿香草扁桃酸等)、HIV和EBV。病例1因患慢性乙型肝炎出现谷丙转氨酶轻度升高, 乙肝病毒DNA定量升高(2.1× 104IU/mL), 皮质醇升高近3倍, 尿17羟皮质类固醇轻度升高, ACTH降低; 病例2因患克罗恩病出现血清白蛋白降低, 结肠镜检查及胃肠造影提示克罗恩病相关肠道改变; 其余血生化及激素均在正常范围、HIV及EBV均为阴性。

3例患者行腹部CT或MRI平扫及增强, 均发现单侧孤立团块状肿物, 大小为3.9~5.7 cm。病例2和病例3出现瘤内钙化, 其中病例2为明显钙化, 最大平扫CT值达到1 517 HU, MRI为不均匀混杂信号影(图1)。具体检验及检查结果详见表1

图1 影像学表现及术后大体标本
A:腹部平片; B:腹部CT; C:MRI; D:肿瘤标本

1.3 手术及随访

3例患者均接受后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿物切除术, 其中病例2大体标本的瘤体呈明显结节钙化(图1)。3例患者术后进行病理检查, 确诊为肾上腺平滑肌瘤, 苏木精-伊红染色见明显平滑肌纤维排列, 未见核分裂像, 肿瘤可见分叶、变性坏死或钙化灶, 免疫组化中SMA、Caldesmon呈阳性, CD34、CD117、DES、DOG1、S-100、SOX10呈阴性, Ki-67均小于1%(见图2)。

图2 代表性病理切片HE及免疫组化检查
苏木精-伊红染色示分叶状边界清楚、包膜完整的肾上腺平滑肌瘤, 由梭形细胞组成, 无核分裂及多形性特征, 伴瘤结节广泛玻璃样变及钙化。免疫组化示SMA及Caldesmon阳性表达, CD34、CD117、DES、DOG1、S-100、SOX10阴性表达, Ki-67表达率小于1%

患者术后无明显并发症, 均未改变原有的药物治疗方案, 术后3个月复诊时, 病例1的谷丙转氨酶及异常的肾上腺相关激素均恢复正常, 乙肝病毒DNA定量恢复至1.5× 102IU/mL; 病例2克罗恩病症状得到有效控制; 病例3患者腰胀消失。在对患者定期随访的3~10年中, 均未出现复发与转移。具体结果详见表1

2 文献复习

检索2020年6月前公开发表的“ 肾上腺平滑肌瘤” 相关中英文文献, 列举报道病例的诊治信息[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]。肾上腺平滑肌瘤70%(21/30)病例为女性, 发病人群年龄2~72岁, 青少年及儿童时期患病占23%(7/30); 多数为单发, 双侧肾上腺平滑肌瘤占17%(5/30); 瘤体大小为3~11 cm, 多数无生化功能, 有功能肿瘤占10%(3/30); 部分病例与HIV与EBV病毒感染等自身免疫功能异常相关, 所有患者均行手术切除肿物, 术后随访期内均未报道复发及转移。具体情况详见表2

表2 肾上腺平滑肌瘤相关病例报道
3 讨论

以往多认为肾上腺平滑肌瘤无生化功能, 临床上无明显库欣综合征、艾迪森病、嗜铬细胞瘤等相关症状及体征, 但也有少数情况肾上腺平滑肌瘤会影响肾上腺皮质激素的释放。本研究中病例1和Smith等[22]报道的病例中均出现皮质醇升高和ACTH降低以及库欣综合征相关的症状。在手术切除肿瘤后, 不仅异常的谷丙转氨酶和激素恢复正常, 且在不改变原有乙肝治疗方案的前提下, 乙肝病毒感染和肝功能更容易得到有效控制, 提示过量皮质醇所抑制的细胞免疫活性在得到恢复后有助于提高宿主自身免疫功能, 抑制乙肝病毒复制和肝功能损伤。Parelkar等[23]报道的1例双侧肾上腺平滑肌瘤儿童患者血浆去甲肾上腺素升高, 肿瘤切除后恢复正常水平, 推测为瘤体自身分泌的髓质激素。

平滑肌瘤与特异病毒感染、器官移植、化疗等自身免疫功能异常相关[30], 从现有文献报道中, 30%肾上腺平滑肌瘤合并HIV感染, 13%合并EB病毒感染, 2例合并乙型或丙型肝炎病毒感染[22, 28], 1例合并桥本氏甲状腺炎[4], 1例合并变异性免疫缺陷病[25], 而肾上腺平滑肌瘤合并克罗恩病为首次报道。克罗恩病是一种因异常激活的免疫应答引起的肠道免疫损伤和炎症过程, 患者免疫调节紊乱和特异抗原持续刺激而出现消化道慢性炎性肉芽肿性疾病。对于克罗恩病, 症状较轻者首选氨基水杨酸制剂, 本资料例2患者病变在回肠末端及乙状结肠, 症状较轻, 因此选用美沙拉嗪控制良好, 对肾上腺平滑肌瘤无明显影响。而对于中重度克罗恩病及氨基水杨酸制剂无效者, 我们认为对于合并肾上腺平滑肌瘤的患者应慎用糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂, 可能由于干扰自身免疫状态影响肾上腺平滑肌瘤的预后。由此可见, 肾上腺平滑肌瘤与宿主自身免疫功能紊乱有着密切关系, 但具体机制仍待阐明。

肾上腺钙化肿块的鉴别诊断包括一系列异质性疾病, 如感染和良恶性肿瘤, 肾上腺平滑肌瘤也需要跟此类疾病进行鉴别诊断。3例患者切除组织中, 2例出现钙化, 其中病例2为高密度分叶钙化灶, 最大CT值为1 517 HU。钙化的肾上腺肿物常继发于特殊感染(如:结核、组织包浆菌病、肾上腺出血、假性囊肿等)或特殊肿瘤(如:神经母细胞瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤)[31]。肉芽肿性疾病如结核和组织胞浆菌病可引起弥漫性肾上腺钙化, 当慢性肉芽肿感染引起肾上腺功能不全时, 肾上腺会萎缩并密集钙化, 而肾上腺假性囊肿是成人肾上腺钙化肿块最常见的原因。70%的神经母细胞瘤可见灶性钙化, 25%的艾迪森病在慢性病程中会产生肾上腺钙化, 肾上腺肿瘤内出血亦可出现不规则钙化[26]。本资料病例钙化原因尚不清楚, 可能与慢性感染有关, 既往尚无严重肾上腺平滑肌瘤体钙化的报道。

尽管目前报道的肾上腺平滑肌瘤病例预后良好, 但从术前影像学检查中难以鉴别良恶性。肾上腺平滑肌瘤在CT检查中多呈现边界清楚、包膜完整、外周对比环形增强的非特异性肿块, 特别是当其表现为腹部巨大肿瘤时, 不能排除肾上腺平滑肌肉瘤、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤等恶性肿瘤的可能性。因此, 肾上腺平滑肌瘤的确诊依赖病理检查。本研究中3例病理免疫组化检查示平滑肌标志物SMA、Caldesmon均呈阳性, 胃肠道间质瘤标志物CD34、CD117、DOG1和神经及黑色素细胞标志物S-100、SOX10均为– , 横纹肌肉瘤标志物DES为– , Ki-67均小于1%也证实了肿瘤增殖能力极低, 因此可明确切除组织为良性肾上腺平滑肌瘤。

随着微创手术技术的提高和普及, 肾上腺平滑肌瘤可通过微创后腹腔镜技术安全有效地切除肾上腺肿物, 且术后并发症少、能缩短住院时间。我们建议在少数有功能的肾上腺肿物切除术中, 可尝试先寻找并离断肾上腺中央静脉, 减少刺激瘤体引起激素内分泌影响血压骤变。

总结而言, 肾上腺平滑肌瘤是极其罕见的良性肿瘤, 多数无生化功能, 其发生于宿主免疫功能异常密切相关但机制不明, 确诊依赖术后病理检查, 发现肿瘤后多可经后腹腔镜微创手术完整切除, 总体预后良好。

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