左侧精索内静脉-腹壁浅静脉分流术在胡桃夹综合征相关精索静脉曲张中的疗效评价
罗国雄1, 李富东1, 康印东1, 张斌1, 常德辉1
1中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第940医院泌尿外科 730050 兰州
通信作者:常德辉,luo.guoxiong@foxmail.com
摘要

目的: 评估经腹股沟皮下环行左侧精索静脉-腹壁浅静脉分流术治疗胡桃夹综合征相关的精索静脉曲张的疗效。方法: 选取联勤保障部队第940医院2017年2月—2019年2月符合胡桃夹综合征合并精索静脉曲张诊断的12名男性患者纳入研究,患者均接受左侧精索静脉结扎术及左精索内静脉-腹壁浅静脉分流术。对比所有患者术前术后左肾静血流峰值、直径以及其比值、精子计数、精子活性、24 h尿蛋白定量及尿红细胞计数,并通过腹股沟彩超随访精索静脉曲张复发情况。结果: 患者术后直立位左肾静脉的最大血流峰值(PV1)从术前(87.7±38.3)cm/s降至(43.5±25.8)cm/s。术后左肾静脉的血流峰值(PV1)与仰卧位测量肾门处肾静脉的血流峰值(PV2)比值(PV1/PV2)平均比明显降低[(7.7±2.8) vs. (4.3±1.4), P=0.023]。术后患者24 h尿蛋白定量及尿红细胞计数降低,血尿和蛋白尿得到部分缓解。与术前精液质量相比,平均精子计数在术后6个月[(26.0±16.8)×106/mL]和术后12个月[(29.6±18.3)×106/mL]显著改善。术后6个月时精子活力显著提高(29.7±11.3)%,术后12个月达到(32.3±9.4)%。在12个月的随访期间,12例患者均未出现精索静脉曲张复发。2例患者发生轻度鞘膜积液,通过保守治疗缓解。随访结束时未出现睾丸萎缩、腹股沟疝、感染或其他严重并发症。结论: 经腹股沟皮下环行左侧精索静脉-腹壁浅静脉分流术在男性胡桃夹综合征合并精索静脉曲张的治疗中能明显改善患者左肾静脉血流动力学及相关症状,提高精液质量,安全有效。

关键词: 胡桃夹综合征; 分流术; 精索静脉曲张; 腹壁浅静脉
Microsurgical spermatic-superficial epigastric vein anastomosis to treat the nutcracker syndrome associated with left varicocele in adolescents
LUO Guoxiong1, LI Fudong1, KANG Yindong1, ZHANG Bin1, CHANG Dehui1
1Department of Urology, 940th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Forces, Lanzhou 730050, China
Corresponding author: CHANG Dehui, luo.guoxiong@foxmail.com
Abstract

Objective: corresponding author:To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of microsurgical spermatic-superficial epigastric vein anastomosis through subinguinal approach for the treatment of nutcracker syndrome associated with left varicocele in adolescents.Methods: Patients diagnosed with left varicocele in out hospital were given ultrasound evaluation of left renal vein from February 2017 to February 2019. Those patients that met the diagnostic criteria of nutcracker syndrome were enrolled in the study. A total of 12 adolescent patients diagnosed with nutcracker syndrome associated with varicocele were included in the study. The preoperative and postoperative parameters involving physical examination, measurements of ultrasonography, urinalysis, 24-h urinary protein quantification, and semen analysis test were included in the follow-up protocol.Results: Totally 12 patients underwent spermatic-superficial epigastric vein anastomosis. The mean peak velocities ratio in upright posture was significantly decreased after surgery (7.7 ± 2.8 vs. 4.3 ± 1.4, P= 0.023). The hematuria and proteinuria in postoperative patients were partially relieved. The mean sperm count significantly increased at 6th month ([26.0 ± 16.8] × 106/mL) and 12th month ([29.6 ± 18.3] × 106/mL), and the mean perm motility was also increased at 6th month (29.7% ± 11.3%) and at 12th month (32.3% ± 9.4%). Mild hydrocele was founded in 2 patients and relieved with conservative management. No major complications occurred at the end of follow-up.Conclusion: Microsurgical spermatic-superficial epigastric vein anastomosis through subinguinal approach is both safe and effective to treat nutcracker syndrome associated with left varicocele.

Keyword: nutcracker syndrome; varicocele; anastomosis; bypass; superficial epigastric vein

胡桃夹综合征(nutcracker syndrome, NCS)也称为左肾静脉压迫综合征, 在解剖学上定义为走行于肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉之间的左肾静脉的受机械压迫至左肾静脉回流受阻而导致的腰痛、血尿、蛋白尿、左侧精索静脉曲张等相关症候群, 是一种相对罕见的血管畸形[1]。与传统精索静脉曲张结扎术相比, 对于NCS合并左侧精索静脉曲张的患者行精索静脉结扎术联合腹壁下静脉分流术更有效[2, 3]。后者降低了术后复发率, 并通过间接降低了左肾静脉的压力, 缓解了NCS的相关症状包括血尿, 蛋白尿, 左侧腰痛[3, 4, 5]。在本研究中, 我们设计了一种新的分流方式, 即通过经腹股沟皮下环行左侧精索静脉-腹壁浅静脉分流术治疗NCS相关的精索静脉曲张, 并评估其安全性和有效性。

1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料

2017年2月—2019年2月, 对我院确诊为左精索静脉曲张的患者进行左肾静脉彩色多普勒超声检查, 评估左肾静脉直径及血流动力学情况。对符合NCS诊断标准[6, 7]的患者纳入研究。最终共12例患者纳入研究。患者对治疗及手术方案知情同意, 且得到院伦理委员会批准。

纳入标准:①患者年龄16~32岁; ②体格检查为2度或3度的左侧精索静脉曲张; ③阴囊彩超证实左侧精静脉内血液反流; ④左肾静脉彩超符合NCS。排除标准:①既往已行左曲张静脉曲张结扎术; ②存在泌尿系感染, 肾炎, 肾病综合征或任何其他引起血尿和蛋白尿的疾病。

NCS的诊断基于超声测量左肾静脉的血流峰值(peak velocity, PV)变异度:在患者直立位, 测量左肾静脉走行于腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉夹角时的血流峰值(PV1)。在仰卧位测量肾静脉于肾门处的血流峰值(PV2)。计算出两处血流速度比值(PV1/PV2)。若PV1/PV2> 5.0可确诊为NCS[6, 7]

1.2 手术方法

患者接受全身麻醉, 取平卧位, 于左侧腹股沟管外环口下方两指处做一长约4 cm的斜切口, 在外环口下方完全游离精索, 在外环口上方一横指处游离2~3 cm腹壁浅静脉(图1A)。依次打开精索外筋膜及提睾肌后, 在手术显微镜10倍镜下分离精索血管, 选择明显增粗、属支较少的1条左精索内静脉予以游离, 并保留约3 cm, 结扎其余精索内静脉(图1B)。以微型血管夹夹闭腹壁浅静脉及保留的精索内静脉近心端, 结扎远心端。用稀释低分子肝素钠盐水冲洗近心端管腔。在10倍镜下用9-0血管吻合线将两血管近心端行端端吻合(图1C)。开放血管夹, 可见吻合血管迅速充盈(图1D); 检查无漏血、通畅, 逐层关闭切口。术后术区不需压迫沙袋, 并予以肝素钠5 000单位皮下注射, 1次/d, 连续3 d。

图1 精索内静脉-腹壁浅静脉手术步骤
A:游离精索及其上方的腹壁浅静脉; B:保留最粗的精索内静脉, 其余分支予以结扎; C:两静脉远心端分别结扎, 近心端行端端吻合; D:吻合完毕, 血管迅速充盈

1.3 主要观察指标

统计患者术前及术后3个月左肾静脉的血流动力学指标、尿红细胞计数、24 h尿蛋白定量。术后3、6和12个月分别进行实验室精液分析, 测试精子总数及精子活性变化。

1.4 统计学方法

应用SPSS 22.0进行数据分析。正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}\pm s$表示; 非正态分布资料以中位数(最小值、最大值)表示。手术前后各检测指标比较采用配对t检验, 非正态分布数据以Wilcoxon Signed Rank检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

研究共纳入12例确诊为胡桃夹综合征合并左曲张静脉曲张的患者, 年龄16~32(22.5±5.17)岁。其中9例患者为Ⅲ 级精索静脉曲张, 其余为Ⅱ 级。患者术前一般情况见表1, 患者术后随访对比资料见表2。左肾静脉的PV1从术前的(87.7±38.3)cm/s降至(43.5±25.8)cm/s。术后PV1/PV2平均比明显降低[(7.7±2.8)vs.(4.34±1.4), (P=0.023)]。此外, 由于24 h尿蛋白定量[(426.1±254.0) vs.(338.0±223.7), P=0.026]和尿红细胞计数[(32.9±9.6) vs.(18.1±3.4), P=0.007]显著下降, 术后患者的血尿和蛋白尿得到部分缓解。与术前精液质量相比, 平均精子数量在术后6个月为(26.0±16.8)×106/mL、术后12个月为(29.6±18.3)×106/mL, 较术前显著改善。术后6个月时精子活力(29.7±11.3)%、术后12个月为(32.3±9.4)%较术前显著提高。在12个月的随访期间, 所有患者均未发生精索静脉曲张复发。2名患者发生轻度鞘膜积液, 并通过保守治疗缓解。随访结束时未出现睾丸萎缩, 腹股沟疝, 感染或任何其他重大并发症。

表1 患者的一般情况
表2 术前术后相关参数对比
3 讨论

NCS发病率较低, 但在青春期左侧曲张静脉曲张患者中很常见[8, 9, 10], 其具体的精确发病率目前尚无大样本流行病学调查及相关报道[9, 11]。然而, 通过对左侧精索静脉曲张患者进行彩超及CT筛查, 该人群中NCS的发病率相对较高, NCS是继发左侧精索静脉曲张的主要病因之一[10, 12, 13]。同时, NCS与精索静脉曲张结扎术后复发率高度相关, 合并NCS的精索静脉曲张患者若行传统结扎术, 其复发率明显升高[14]。Hannick等[9]通过左肾静脉彩色多普勒超声对重度左侧精索静脉曲张患者进行回顾性研究, 发现56.2%的临床精索静脉曲张患者伴有NCS。

关于NCS的诊断标准目前尚未达成共识[6, 7, 8, 15]。在普通人群中, 下腔静脉和左肾静脉之间的血压梯度小于1 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa); 通过有创的选择性左肾静脉造影测定压力差, 在可疑病例中该压力梯度若超过3 mmHg, 则可以做出NCS的明确诊断[16, 17]。但是, 这种侵入性和昂贵的检查手段在临床上未广泛应用。Kim等[6, 7]学者的研究结果表明, PV1/PV2值取5.0的界点值时, 对NCS的诊断有80%的敏感性和94%的特异性, 所以推荐该比值作为NCS的诊断标准。而左肾静脉的直径比或腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉之间的夹角测量受检测技师主观影响较大, 且超声探头对腹部的压力会明显影响所测肾静脉血管直径, 所以不推荐血管直径比值及夹角测量作为诊断依据, 但可借鉴参考。在本研究中, 选用PV1/PV2比值比作为NCS的诊断标准。

NCS的治疗手段取决于临床特征和患者症状的严重程度[15], 有保守治疗(增加体重、减少活动、主动监测等), 血管内支架植入, 放置血管外支架, 左肾自体移植, 肾切除术等, 目前仍然争议重重[18, 19, 20, 21, 22]。对于诊断为NCS的精索静脉曲张患者, Kawa等[18]首先于2000年提出了左肾静脉血流分流手术, 即精索内静脉-大隐静脉吻合手术。在后来发表的文献中, 分流术改进为经腹股沟入路的精索内静脉-腹壁下静脉吻合术, 已被证明是安全有效的[2, 3, 4, 5]

根据对腹股沟区浅静脉走行变异的解剖学研究[19, 20], 该部位走行及直径相对固定的血管为阴部浅静脉、旋髂浅静脉、腹壁下静脉及腹壁浅静脉。在目前发表的文献中, 对NCS合并左侧精索静脉曲张的患者行分流术主要经腹股沟高位切口行精索静脉-腹壁下腹静脉吻合术[2, 3, 4, 5]。基于先前文献对分流术的有效性和安全性的验证以及腹股沟区浅静脉的解剖学研究, 我们设计了经腹股沟管外环口行精索内静脉-腹壁浅静脉分流术(图1)。

与腹股沟入路相比, 经外环口入路有如下优势:①因未破坏腹股沟管结构而可减轻术后疼痛并使患者获得更快康复[21, 22]; ②通过保留内环口结构而避免术后继发腹股沟疝; ③能处理更多精索内静脉分支, 降低潜在精索静脉曲张的复发率[23, 24]; ④相比于打开腹股沟管内环口探查腹壁下静脉的走行[3], 于外环口上方寻找腹壁浅静脉在术中更容易定位血管位置, 且因走行相对表浅, 也更容易暴露出足够长度的血管以利于吻合; ⑤且外环口切口在解剖上更靠近腹壁浅静脉的近心端根部, 此段血管直径更大, 从而更有利于后续展开血管吻合手术。

在12个月的随访中, 发现平均峰值速度比在手术后显著降低[(7.7±2.8)vs.(4.3±1.4), P=0.003], 间接表明了左肾静脉压力的降低。术后血尿和蛋白尿等NCS相关症状得到部分缓解, 患者平均精子数量和平均精子活性也得到改善。除了2名患者的轻度鞘膜积液并自行缓解, 在随访结束时未发生其他并发症, 这些结果均表明该分流手术的有效性和安全性。

本研究仍然有一定的局限性。首先, 入组患者NCS相关症状差异极大, 针对症状不同程度的NCS进行分层研究是必要的。其次, 腹股沟浅表静脉的解剖变异(如血管直径较窄或走行变异)可能导致分流手术不能进行。研究结论尚需更大样本及更长时间的随访来进行验证。

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