输尿管软镜争议问题的探讨
王则宇1, 高小峰1
1中国人民解放军海军军医大学附属长海医院泌尿外科 200433 上海
通信作者:高小峰,gxfdoc@sina.com
摘要

输尿管软镜是泌尿外科常用的微创诊疗器械之一,随着这项技术越来越普及的同时,也伴随着不少争议性问题。本文将从手术方式的决策、手术器械的选择、术前准备以及术中操作等几个目前争议较大的方面进行展开讨论。

关键词: 输尿管软镜; 泌尿系结石; 钬激光碎石术
Discussion on the dispute of felxible ureteroscopy
WANG Zeyu1, GAO Xiaofeng1
1Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
Corresponding author: GAO Xiaofeng, gxfdoc@sina.com
Abstract

Flexible ureteroscopy is one of the minimally invasive instruments commonly used in urology. With the increasing popularity of this technology, there are also many controversial issues. This article will discuss several controversial aspects from decision-making of operation mode, the selection of surgical instruments, preoperative preparation and intraoperative operation.

Keyword: flexible ureteroscopy; urinary calculus; holmium laser lithotripsy

输尿管软镜是泌尿外科常用的微创诊疗器械之一, 可以和钬激光与套石篮联合使用, 目前广泛地应用于泌尿系结石以及肾盂肿瘤等上尿路疾病的诊疗中[1]。在这项技术越来越得到普及的同时, 也存在不少争议性问题, 我们将从手术方式的决策、手术器械的选择、术前准备以及术中操作等几个方面展开并进行讨论。

1 2~4 cm大体积肾结石, 选择软镜还是PCNL?

以往, 大体积的肾结石的首选治疗方式为经皮肾镜碎石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL)[2]。不过, 随着输尿管软镜技术的发展, 软镜被越来越多地应用于大体积肾结石(直径> 2 cm)的治疗中, EAU最新的指南也明确指出对于有经验的术者, 可以将手术适应证扩大到结石直径> 3 cm[3]。那对于2~4 cm大体积肾结石究竟如何选择手术方式?我们认为应该从清石率、手术安全性以及经济效应等方面进行综合考虑。

首先, 在清石率方面, 有不少研究表明, 输尿管软镜治疗大体积肾结石的一期清石率不如PCNL, 需要行多次手术治疗。Zhang等[4]的研究表明, PCNL的一期清石率为85.7%(36/42), 而软镜仅为58.8%(20/34, P=0.008)。经过分期手术后, PCNL清石率为92.86%(39/42), 软镜的清石率为85.29%(29/34), 差异无统计学意义。

其次, 在手术安全性方面, 软镜手术创伤小, 出血风险低, 对于特殊患者(孤立肾肾结石患者、服用抗凝药的肾结石患者)有着明显优势。我们的研究表明, 输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾结石的成功率高, 并发症发生率低[5]。对于大体积结石患者, 不必追求一次性完成手术, 术中应使用套石篮尽量将结石碎块取净, 避免术后结石碎块堵塞输尿管造成急性事件。Westerman等[6]的研究表明, 输尿管软镜对持续抗凝和抗血小板药物是安全的, 不会增加并发症的风险。

最后, 从经济效应来说, 全世界区域性差异较大。美国的一项研究指出, 软镜的单次手术治疗花费要明显低于PCNL($6 675 vs. $19 845, P< 0.001)[7]。不过, 软镜的碎石效率低, 需行多次手术治疗, 我国的一项研究表明, 软镜碎石总体经济效应和PCNL相比, 无明显优势($1 857.71 vs. $1 999.21, P=0.205)[8]。在我们的研究中, 通过大体积孤立肾结石的清石率与治疗次数计算的功效商数EQ值来判断手术的经济效应, 结果发现, 对于大体积肾结石, 特别是3~4 cm的结石, PCNL的清石率优于软镜, 手术次数更少, EQ值更高[9]

2 术前是否需要常规留置双J管?

术前留置双J管的目的在于解除泌尿系梗阻, 引流尿液, 缓解泌尿系感染, 并且同时能够扩张输尿管, 提高输尿管软镜手术的成功率、减少输尿管壁损伤、提高结石清石率。Ji等[10]学者的研究表明, F8/9.5输尿管镜初始进镜失败率超过10%, 通常需要行双J管留置, 扩张输尿管后再进行二次手术治疗。同时Mogilevkin等[11]的研究报道称, 在术前未置入双J管的患者中, F12/14软镜鞘的初始成功率仅为58%, 即使经过球囊扩张后仍然有22%的患者无法置入。其次, 术前置入双J管能够显著降低输尿管软镜鞘置入过程中输尿管损伤的并发症发生率, Traxer等[12]的研究表明, 术前置入双J管能够降低70%的输尿管重度损伤风险。另外, 术前置入双J管能够显著提高肾结石患者的结石清石率。CROES全球114中心大规模的临床研究数据表明, 术前留置双J管, 可显著的提升软镜治疗肾结石的清石率(79.6% vs 72.9%, P< 0.05)[13]。对于特殊的病例还是值得提倡术前置管, 如儿童肾结石[14], 由于儿童输尿管普遍较细, 为了避免输尿管通道鞘插入引起输尿管损伤, 以及提高手术成功率, 应在术前留置内支架被动扩张输尿管。对结石伴感染的患者, 在术前留置双J管引流解除梗阻, 可降低手术相关感染并发症发生的风险。对于马蹄肾结石[15]、肾盏憩室结石[16]、大体积结石[17]以及其他复杂病例应该常规术前预置支架管, 术中留置直径较大的鞘有利于降低手术难度, 提高碎石成功率。

但是, 置入双J管的缺点也非常明显。首先, 术前留置内支架使患者增加了有创操作的风险, 存在一定的置管并发症, 诸如尿路感染、血尿、膀胱刺激症、肾脏尿液反流、双J管支架管移位等[18]。其次, 置管后的相关症状会极大影响患者的生活质量。根据Scarneciu等[19]的报道, 支架置入术后7 d, 尿频、排尿困难、尿急、肉眼血尿等症状出现率较高, 生活质量评分显示这些患者的生活质量明显下降。所以, 2018年EUA指南中明确指出并不提倡对每位行输尿管软镜的患者术前常规留置内支架[20]

3 选择电子镜还是纤维镜?

世界上第一条纤维输尿管软镜是由美国人Marshall于1964年发明并应用于临床[21], 经过不断改良后, 于1987年形成了如今我们临床中所应用的纤维镜[22, 23]。直到2000年后数字化成像系统的引入才形成了我们目前临床中所使用的电子输尿管软镜[24]。电子输尿管软镜操作轻便, 而且功能齐全。对于上尿路肿瘤的诊疗有着显著的优势。并且OLYMPUS的窄带成像技术(Narrow band imaging technology, NBI)[25]、STORZ的SPIES[26]摄像系统技术以及光动力学法[27]能够减少术者减少找出普通白光无法分辨的肿瘤病灶, 并分辨出肿瘤的边界。提高肿瘤的切除率, 降低术中漏诊率。此外, Binbay等[28]的研究表明, 得益于更清楚的术中图像, 电子输尿管软镜的碎石效率相比纤维镜碎石效率更高, 手术耗时缩短将近20%。

那么, 电子输尿管软镜如今能够完全取代纤维镜么?答案是否定的。首先, 纤维镜相比较电子镜的优势是, 镜头小巧、镜身纤细, 可以结合使用包括F9.5/11.5等任意粗细的输尿管软镜鞘, 提升了手术的成功率, 降低了置管后二次手术的比例[29]。其次, 纤维镜细小的镜体占据鞘内的空间更小, 这使得术中灌流更通畅, 降低了肾盂内压力和术后感染的风险[11]。另外, 纤维镜末段弯曲度更佳, 末段弯曲能力更强。Dragos等[30]的研究表明, 纤维镜可进入大角度下盏的能力明显高于电子镜。此外, 纤维镜的购置费用以及维修费用相较于电子镜更经济, 对于医疗机构的负担相对较轻。

4 一次性电子软镜还是可重复消毒电子镜?

第一款一次性电子输尿管软镜(LithoVue软镜系统)已经于2016年应用于临床中[31]。相比于传统重复消毒使用的电子镜, 一次性电子软镜有不少优势。第一, 配套仪器少, 使用更加方便[32]。第二, 不存在重复消毒问题, 降低了术后感染的风险[33]。第三, 弯曲度更强, 上弯:一次性软镜=285° , URF(OLYMPUS, 日本)=180° , FLEX-XC(STORZ, 德国)=283° , 下弯:一次性软镜=286° , URF=270° , FLEX-XC=219° , 能够进入角度更小的下盏进行碎石, 可适用于绝大多数的结石病例[34]。第四, 工作通道更大, 术中的灌流更顺畅(一次性软镜0.53 mL/s, URF 0.43 mL/s, FLEX-XC 0.46 mL/s), 手术视野的清晰[35]。第五, 制作材料环保, 不会对环境造成额外的污染[36]

不过, 传统的电子镜依旧有其独有的优势。第一, 相比较于一次性电子输尿管软镜, 传统的电子输尿管软镜图像更清晰, 画质更好[35]。第二, 拥有不同的光谱功能, 可用于分辨的肿瘤病灶以及分辨肿瘤的边界。第三, 镜体比一次性镜更纤细一点, 使用相同型号输尿管鞘的情况下, 引流更加通畅, 肾盂内压力更小, 可降低术中术后感染的发生率[37]。第四, 对于大型诊疗中心来说, 传统电子镜的总体性价比更高[38]

5 粉末化碎石还是套石篮取石?

软镜碎石术中到底是使用套石篮取石, 还是仅仅粉末化碎石后自然排石?这个问题一直是泌尿外科医生争议的问题。2014年一项调查研究表明[39], 2 894名EAU泌尿外科医生中选择套篮取石为47.2%, 粉末化碎石为52.8%, 相差无几。

从原则上来讲, 结石术后的理想情况是通过手术取出结石, 并且将取出的结石进行成分分析, 这将有助于为患者提供饮食建议, 预防日后结石的复发。然而, 套篮取石通常会增加医疗费用, 因为它必定会需要使用取石篮与输尿管软镜鞘, 这也提升了医源性输尿管损伤的风险, 增加狭窄形成的风险[40]。有学者的研究表明, 术中使用套石篮碎石的患者, 即刻清石率为86.4%, 而粉末化碎石的患者术后即刻清石率仅仅为54.3%, 但是使用套石篮碎石的患者术后恢复时间更长, 术后并发症发生率更高[41]

单纯的粉末化碎石, 将结石击碎成< 2 mm的碎块, 理论上讲可完全地自然排出结石。术中也无须进行套石, 从而节约医疗花费以及手术时间。但是, 并不是所有的结石都能够进行粉末化碎石, El Hamed等[42]的研究表明, CT值越大的结石, 术中粉末化效应越差。并且粉末化碎石可能存在风险, 一旦术中无法进行彻底地碎石, 导致较大结石碎块残留, 会提升术后计划外急诊可能。Ito等[43]的研究证实, 粉末化碎石术后3个月依然有59.3%的患者存在结石碎块残留。Schatloff等[44]的研究表明, 套篮取石的出院后计划外急诊比例为3%, 而粉末化碎石为9%。可见粉末化碎石术后清石率低, 存在一定的安全隐患。

6 总结

目前, 输尿管软镜技术发展可谓是日新月异, 这项技术在国内也得到普及与推广, 软镜使用的指征也变得越来越广泛。对于手术方式的决策、手术器械的选择、术前准备以及术中操作的选择并没有一个绝对的标准。而是应该结合患者的具体情况, 结石的特征、治疗的目的、术中的情况等方面进行综合考量, 从而为患者制定出个体化的最优治疗方案。

参考文献
[1] DOIZI S, TRAXER O. Flexible ureteroscopy: technique, tips and tricks. Urolithiasis, 2018, 46(1): 47-58. [本文引用:1]
[2] TISELIUS HG, ACKERMANN D, ALKEN P, et al. Guidelines on urolithiasis. Eur Urol, 2001, 40(4): 362-371. [本文引用:1]
[3] TÜRK C, PETŘÍK A, SARICA K, et al. EAU guidelines on interventional treatment for urolithiasis. Eur Urol, 2016, 69(3): 475-482. [本文引用:1]
[4] ZHANG Y, WU Y, LI J, et al. Comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery for the treatment of lower calyceal calculi of 2-3 cm in patients with solitary kidney. Urology, 2018, 115: 65-70. [本文引用:1]
[5] GAO X, PENG Y, SHI X, et al. Safety and efficacy of retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones in patients with a solitary kidney: a single-center experience. J Endourol, 2014, 28(11): 1290-1294. [本文引用:1]
[6] WESTERMAN ME, SCALES JA, SHARMA V, et al. The effect of anticoagulation on bleeding-related complications following ureteroscopy. Urology, 2017, 100: 45-52. [本文引用:1]
[7] HYAMS ES, SHAH O. Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy versus flexible ureteroscopy/Holmium laser lithotripsy: cost and outcome analysis. J Urol, 2009, 182(3): 1012-1017. [本文引用:1]
[8] PAN J, CHEN Q, XUE W, et al. RIRS versus mPCNL for single renal stone of 2-3 cm: clinical outcome and cost-effective analysis in Chinese medical setting. Urolithiasis, 2013, 41(1): 73-78. [本文引用:1]
[9] SHI X, PENG Y, LI X, et al. Propensity Score-Matched analysis comparing retrograde intrarenal surgery with percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large stones in patients with a solitary kidney. J Endourol, 2018, 32(3): 198-204. [本文引用:1]
[10] JI C, GAN W, GUO H, et al. A prospective trial on ureteral stenting combined with secondary ureteroscopy after an initial failed procedure. Urol Res, 2012, 40(5): 593-598. [本文引用:1]
[11] MOGILEVKIN Y, SOFER M, MARGEL D, et al. Predicting an effective ureteral access sheath insertion: a bicenter prospective study. J Endourol, 2014, 28(12): 1414-1417. [本文引用:2]
[12] TRAXER O, THOMAS A. Prospective evaluation and classification of ureteral wall injuries resulting from insertion of a ureteral access sheath during retrograde intrarenal surgery. J Urol, 2013, 189(2): 580-584. [本文引用:1]
[13] ASSIMOS D, CRISCI A, CULKIN D, et al. Preoperative JJ stent placement in ureteric and renal stone treatment: results from the Clinical Research Office of Endourological Society (CROES) ureteroscopy (URS) Global Study. BJU Int, 2016, 117(4): 648-654. [本文引用:1]
[14] ERKURT B, CASKURLU T, ATIS G, et al. Treatment of renal stones with flexible ureteroscopy in preschool age children. Urolithiasis, 2014, 42(3): 241-245. [本文引用:1]
[15] KARTAL I, CAKICI MC, SELMI V, et al. Retrograde intrarenal surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of stones in horseshoe kidney;what are the advantages and disadvantages compared to each other? Cent European J Urol, 2019, 72(2): 156-162. [本文引用:1]
[16] YANG H, YAO X, TANG C, et al. Flexible ureterorenoscopy management of calyceal diverticular calculi. Urol J, 2019, 16(1): 12-15. [本文引用:1]
[17] SCOTLAND KB, RUDNICK B, KELLY AH, et al. Retrograde ureteroscopic management of large renal calculi: a single institutional experience and concise literature review. J Endourol, 2018, 32(7): 603-607. [本文引用:1]
[18] LAMB AD, VOWLER SL, JOHNSTON R, et al. Meta-analysis showing the beneficial effect of alpha-blockers on ureteric stent discomfort. BJU Int, 2011, 108(11): 1894-1902. [本文引用:1]
[19] SCARNECIU I, LUPU S, PRICOP C, et al. Morbidity and impact on quality of Life in patients with indwelling ureteral stents: A 10-year clinical experience. Pak J Med Sci, 2015, 31(3): 522-526. [本文引用:1]
[20] GEAVLETE P, MULTESCU R, GEAVLETE B. Pushing the boundaries of ureteroscopy: current status and future perspectives. Nat Rev Urol, 2014, 11(7): 373-382. [本文引用:1]
[21] MARSHALL VF. FIBER OPTICS IN UROLOGY. J Urol, 1964, 91: 110-114. [本文引用:1]
[22] TAKAYASU H, ASO Y. Recent development for pyeloureteroscopy: guide tube method for its introduction into the ureter. J Urol, 1974, 112(2): 176-178. [本文引用:1]
[23] ASO Y, OHTAWARA Y, FUKUTA K, et al. Operative fiberoptic nephroureteroscopy: removal of upper ureteral and renal calculi. J Urol, 1987, 137(4): 629-632. [本文引用:1]
[24] HUMPHREYS MR, MILLER NL, Williams JJ, et al. A New World revealed: early experience with digital ureteroscopy. J Urol, 2008, 179(3): 970-975. [本文引用:1]
[25] GONO K. Narrow band imaging: technology basis and research and development history. Clin Endosc, 2015, 48(6): 476-480. [本文引用:1]
[26] KAMPHUIS GM, DE BRUIN DM, BRANDT MJ, et al. Comparing image perception of bladder tumors in four different storz professional image enhancement system modalities using the iSPIES App. J Endourol, 2016, 30(5): 602-608. [本文引用:1]
[27] SOMANI BK, MOSELEY H, ELJAMEL MS, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis(PDD)for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UT-TCC): evolution of a new technique. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2010, 7(1): 39-43. [本文引用:1]
[28] BINBAY M, YURUK E, AKMAN T, et al. Is there a difference in outcomes between digital and fiberoptic flexible ureterorenoscopy procedures? J Endourol, 2010, 24(12): 1929-1934. [本文引用:1]
[29] ABBOTT JE, SUR RL. Ureterorenoscopy: current technology and future outlook. Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2016, 68(6): 479-495. [本文引用:1]
[30] DRAGOS LB, SOMANI BK, SENER ET, et al. Which flexible ureteroscopes (digital vs. Fiber-Optic) can easily reach the difficult lower Pole calices and have better End-Tip deflection: in vitro study on K-Box. A Petra evaluation. J Endourol, 2017, 31(7): 630-637. [本文引用:1]
[31] PROIETTI S, DRAGOS L, MOLINA W, et al. Comparison of new single-use digital flexible ureteroscope versus nondisposable fiber optic and digital ureteroscope in a cadaveric model. J Endourol, 2016, 30(6): 655-659. [本文引用:1]
[32] MOORE B, PROIETTI S, GIUSTI G, et al. Single-use ureteroscopes. Urol Clin North Am, 2019, 46(2): 165-174. [本文引用:1]
[33] OFSTEAD CL, HEYMANN OL, QUICK MR, et al. The effectiveness of sterilization for flexible ureteroscopes: A real-world study. Am J Infect Control, 2017, 45(8): 888-895. [本文引用:1]
[34] HENNESSEY DB, FOJECKI GL, PAPA NP, et al. Single-use disposable digital flexible ureteroscopes: an ex vivo assessment and cost analysis. BJU Int, 2018, 121 Suppl 3: 55-61. [本文引用:1]
[35] DEININGER S, HABERSTOCK L, KRUCK S, et al. Single-use versus reusable ureterorenoscopes for retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS): systematic comparative analysis of physical and optical properties in three different devices. World J Urol, 2018, 36(12): 2059-2063. [本文引用:2]
[36] DAVIS NF, MCGRATH S, QUINLAN M, et al. Carbon footprint in flexible ureteroscopy: a comparative study on the environmental impact of reusable and single-use ureteroscopes. J Endourol, 2018, 32(3): 214-217. [本文引用:1]
[37] ZHONG W, LETO G, WANG L, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy: a study of risk factors. J Endourol, 2015, 29(1): 25-28. [本文引用:1]
[38] MARCHINI GS, TORRICELLI FC, BATAGELLO CA, et al. A comprehensive literature-based equation to compare cost-effectiveness of a flexible ureteroscopy program with single-use versus reusable devices. Int Braz J Urol, 2019, 45(4): 658-670. [本文引用:1]
[39] SANGUEDOLCE F, LIATSIKOS E, VERZE P, et al. Use of flexible ureteroscopy in the clinical practice for the treatment of renal stones: results from a large European survey conducted by the EAU Young Academic Urologists-Working Party on Endourology and Urolithiasis. Urolithiasis, 2014, 42(4): 329-334. [本文引用:1]
[40] DELVECCHIO FC, AUGE BK, BRIZUELA RM, et al. Assessment of stricture formation with the ureteral access sheath. Urology, 2003, 61(3): 518-522. [本文引用:1]
[41] HUMPHREYS MR, SHAH OD, MONGA M, et al. Dusting versus Basketing during Ureteroscopy-Which Technique is More Efficacious?A Prospective Multicenter Trial from the EDGE Research Consortium. J Urol, 2018, 199(5): 1272-1276. [本文引用:1]
[42] EL HAMED AMA, ELMOGHAZY H, ALDAHSHOURY M, et al. Single session vs two sessions of flexible ureterosopy(FURS)for dusting of renal pelvic stones 2-3 cm in diameter: Does stone size or hardness play a role in number of sessions to be applied? Turk J Urol, 2017, 43(2): 158-161. [本文引用:1]
[43] ITO H, KURODA S, KAWAHARA T, et al. Preoperative factors predicting spontaneous clearance of residual stone fragments after flexible ureteroscopy. Int J Urol, 2015, 22(4): 372-377. [本文引用:1]
[44] SCHATLOFF O, LINDNER U, RAMON J, et al. Rand omized trial of stone fragment active retrieval versus spontaneous passage during Holmium laser lithotripsy for ureteral stones. J Urol, 2010, 183(3): 1031-1035. [本文引用:1]