Research Progress of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Surgical Position
ZHANG Jiange1,2, ZHOU Liquan2
1Center of Genomic and Personalized Medicine of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; 2Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
Abstract：Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy （PCNL） is widely used in the treatment of renal calculi and upper ureteral calculi worldwide. After more than 40 years of development, modern-day PCNL has transformed from an operation traditionally undertaken in the prone position to a procedure in which a prone, supine or lateral position may be employed. PCNL is safe and effective in these 3 surgical positions, with their respective advantages and disadvantages. In order to adapt to the complex cases, each position has undergone multiple modifications resulting in multiple modified positions. These modified positions improve the operating space of the mirror, or facilitate simultaneously PCNL and retrograde urinary tract endoscopy operation, and so on, and then the efficiency and safety of surgery and the patient's comfort are improved to varying degrees, the indications are expanded, eventually the development of PCNL is promoted. Only by fully understanding the advantages and disadvantages of various PCNL surgical positions can we choose the appropriate surgical positions for patients and provide the basis for further improvement of PCNL position.
[1] VALDIVIA URÍA JG, LACHARES SANTAMARÍA E, VILLARROYA RODRÍGUEZ S, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithectomy: simplified technique (preliminary report). Arch Esp Urol, 1987,40(3):177-180. [2] KERBL K, CLAYMAN RV, CHANDHOKE PS, et al.Percutaneous stone removal with the patient in a flank position. J Urol, 1994,151(3):686-688. [3] GOODWIN WE, CASEY WC, TROCAR WP.Percutaneous Trocar (needle) nephrostomy in hydronephrosis. J Am Med Assoc, 1955,157(11):891-894. [4] CASEY WC, GOODWIN WE.Percutaneous antegrade pyelography and hydronephrosis; direct, intrapelvic injection of urographic contrast material to secure a pyeloureterogram after percutaneous needle puncture and aspiration of hydronephrosis. J Urol, 1955,74(1):164-173. [5] 刘永达,钟惟德,袁坚,等.肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的安全性及效果分析.中华泌尿外科杂志,2012,33(6):409-412. [6] WALICK KS, KRAGH JJ, WARD JA, et al.Changes in intraocular pressure due to surgical positioning: studying potential risk for postoperative vision loss. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007,32(23):2591-2595. [7] LEHMAN T, BAGLEY DH.Reverse lithotomy: modified prone position for simultaneous nephroscopic and ureteroscopic procedures in women. Urology, 1988,32(6):529-531. [8] GRASSO M, NORD R, BAGLEY DH.Prone split leg and flank roll positioning: simultaneous antegrade and retrograde access to the upper urinary tract. J Endourol, 1993,7(4):307-310. [9] BORIN JF.Prone retrograde laser lithotripsy facilitates endoscope-guided percutaneous renal access for staghorn calculi: two scopes are better than one. J Endourol, 2008,22(9):1881-1883. [10] 苏帅,尹志康,王云龙,等.俯卧分腿位经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗肾结石.中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版),2018,12(6):364-369. [11] 张剑歌,周立权,徐广龙,等.俯卧分腿位超声引导下不置输尿管导管经皮肾镜取石术的病例对照研究.微创泌尿外科杂志,2019,8(4):236-241. [12] RAY AA, CHUNG DG, HONEY RJ.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the prone and prone-flexed positions: anatomic considerations. J Endourol, 2009,23(10):1607-1614. [13] VALDIVIA URÍA JG, VALLE GERHOLD J, LÓPEZ LÓPEZ JA, et al. Technique and complications of percutaneous nephroscopy: experience with 557 patients in the supine position. J Urol, 1998,160(6 Pt 1):1975-1978. [14] IBARLUZEA G, SCOFFONE CM, CRACCO CM, et al.Supine valdivia and modified lithotomy position for simultaneous anterograde and retrograde endourological access. BJU Int, 2007,100(1):233-236. [15] SCOFFONE CM, CRACCO CM, COSSU M, et al.Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position: a new standard for percutaneous nephrolithotomy? Eur Urol, 2008,54(6):1393-1403. [16] 潘铁军,彭健,叶章群,等.腰肋悬空仰卧位体位的建立及在经皮肾镜碎石术中的临床研究.临床外科杂志,2010,18(9):619-621. [17] DESOKY EA, ALLAM MN, AMMAR MK, et al.Flank free modified supine position: A new modification for supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Arab J Urol, 2012,10(2):143-148. [18] 黄健,许可慰,郭正辉,等.斜卧位微创经皮肾镜取石术55例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2007,28(1):15-18. [19] DE SIO M, AUTORINO R, QUARTO G, et al.Modified supine versus prone position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stones treatable with a single percutaneous access: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Urol, 2008,54(1):196-202. [20] FALAHATKAR S, MOGHADDAM AA, SALEHI M, et al.Complete supine percutaneous nephrolithotripsy comparison with the prone standard technique. J Endourol, 2008,22(11):2513-2517. [21] SOHAIL N, ALBODOUR A, ABDELRAHMAN KM.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in complete supine flank-free position in comparison to prone position: A single-centre experience. Arab J Urol, 2017,15(1):42-47. [22] 杨江,曾四平,沈思.不同手术体位对经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石疗效的影响.中国老年学杂志,2015,35(11):3077-3078,3079. [23] BATAGELLO CA, BARONE DH, NGUYEN AH, et al.Endoscopic guided PCNL in the prone split-leg position versus supine PCNL: a comparative analysis stratified by Guy's stone score. Can J Urol, 2019,26(1):9664-9674. [24] MELO P, VICENTINI FC, PERRELLA R, et al.Comparative study of percutaneous nephrolithotomy performed in the traditional prone position and in three different supine positions. Int Braz J Urol, 2019,45(1):108-117. [25] EL-SHAER W, KANDEEL W, ABDEL-LATEEF S, et al.Complete ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy in prone and supine positions: a randomized controlled study. Urology, 2019,128:31-37. [26] DESOKY E, ELIWA AM, FAWZI AM, et al.Radiologic relation of the colon to the trajectory of percutaneous nephrolithotomy access in prone versus flank-free modified supine position: a prospective study of intra and interindividual influencing factors. Urology, 2018,115(115):71-75. [27] VALDIVIA JG, SCARPA RM, DUVDEVANI M, et al.Supine versus prone position during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a report from the clinical research office of the endourological society percutaneous nephrolithotomy global study. J Endourol, 2011,25(10):1619-1625. [28] ZHANG X, XIA L, XU T, et al.Is the supine position superior to the prone position for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)? Urolithiasis, 2014,42(1):87-93. [29] YUAN D, LIU Y, RAO H, et al.Supine versus prone position in percutaneous nephrolithotomy for kidney calculi: a Meta-Analysis. J Endourol, 2016,30(7):754-763. [30] FALAHATKAR S, MOKHTARI G, TEIMOORI M.An update on supine versus prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a meta-analysis. Urol J, 2016,13(5):2814-2822. [31] PATEL RM, OKHUNOV Z, CLAYMAN RV, et al.Prone versus supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy: what is your position? Curr Urol Rep, 2017,18(4):26. [32] LI J, GAO L, LI QB, et al.Supine versus prone position for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg, 2019,66:62-71. [33] ROODNESHIN F, POOR ZM, ROSTAMI P, et al.Comparison of hemodynamic stability and pain control in lateral and prone positions in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Urol J, 2020,17(2):124-128. [34] BASIRI A, ZIAEE SA, NASSEH H, et al.Totally ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the flank position. J Endourol, 2008,22(7):1453-1457. [35] KARAMI H, ARBAB AH, REZAEI A, et al.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonography-guided renal access in the lateral decubitus flank position. J Endourol, 2009,23(1):33-35. [36] FU YM, CHEN QY, ZHAO ZS, et al.Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in flank position for management of complex renal calculi. Urology, 2011,77(1):40-44. [37] WEI GJ, LIA GJ, HSIEN GJ, et al.Lateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A safe and effective surgical approach. Indian J Urol, 2018,34(1):45-50. [38] KARAMI H, MOHAMMADI R, LOTFI B.A study on comparative outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in prone, supine, and flank positions. World J Urol, 2013,31(5):1225-1230. [39] LEZREK M, AMMANI A, BAZINE K, et al.The split-leg modified lateral position for percutaneous renal surgery and optimal retrograde access to the upper urinary tract. Urology, 2011,78(1):217-220. [40] SCOFFONE CM, CRACCO CM.Invited review: the tale of ECIRS (Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery) in the Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position. Urolithiasis, 2018,46(1, SI):115-123. [41] HAMAMOTO S, YASUI T, OKADA A, et al.Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery for large calculi: simultaneous use of flexible ureteroscopy and mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy overcomes the disadvantageous of percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy. J Endourol, 2014,28(1):28-33. [42] HAMAMOTO S, YASUI T, OKADA A, et al.Efficacy of endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the prone split-leg position for staghorn calculi. J Endourol, 2015,29(1):19-24. [43] STERNBERG KM, JACOBS BL, KING BJ, et al.The prone ureteroscopic technique for managing large stone burdens. Can J Urol, 2015,22(2):7758-7762. [44] MANIKANDAN R, MITTAL JK, DORAIRAJAN LN, et al.Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery for simultaneous renal and ureteral stones: a retrospective study. J Endourol, 2016,30(10):1056-1061. [45] WEN J, XU G, DU C, et al.Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery with flexible ureteroscope for partial staghorn calculi: A randomised controlled trial. Int J Surg, 2016,28:22-27. [46] ZHAO F, LI J, TANG L, et al.A comparative study of endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) in the galdakao-modified supine Valdivia (GMSV) position and minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex nephrolithiasis: a retrospective single-center study. Urolithiasis, 2020,49:161-166. [47] 朱峰,陈帅奇,侯国栋,等.Ⅰ期肾穿刺造瘘后Ⅱ期经皮肾镜碎石术联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石疗效观察.新乡医学院学报,2019,36(8):777-780,784. [48] 谷亚明,韩阳军,左超,等.经皮肾镜取石术联合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效.国际外科学杂志,2019,46(9):606-610. [49] 柯坤彬,陈印,顾鹏,等.多通道经皮肾镜与多镜联合治疗复杂性肾结石的效果比较.实用医学杂志,2019,35(14):2230-2233. [50] 廖文成,李优苼,张焱,等.斜仰截石位经皮肾镜联合软性输尿管镜治疗经皮肾镜取石术后残石的初步研究.微创泌尿外科杂志,2018,7(3):173-176. [51] TÜRK C, PETŘÍK A, SARICA K, et al. EAU guidelines on interventional treatment for urolithiasis. Eur Urol, 2016,69(3):475-482. [52] SUGINO T, HAMAMOTO S, UNNO R, et al.Effectiveness of ureteroscope-assisted renal puncture for endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery. Int J Urol, 2019,26(3):424-425. [53] CRACCO CM, SCOFFONE CM.Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) - Tips and tricks to improve outcomes: A systematic review. Turk J Urol, 2020,46:S46-S57. [54] KWON O, PARK J, CHO MC, et al.Feasibility of single-session endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery for ipsilateral large renal stones and retrograde intrarenal surgery for contralateral renal stones: Initial experience. Int J Urol, 2017,24(5):377-382. [55] TAWFEEK AM, ELMOAZEN M, SAAFAN A, et al.Simultaneous antegrade and retrograde endourological approach in Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position for the management of missed stents associated with complex renal stones: a non-randomized pilot study. Int Urol Nephrol, 2021,53:211-217. [56] MANOHAR T, JAIN P, DESAI M.Supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Effective approach to high-risk and morbidly obese patients. J Endourol, 2007,21(1):44-49. [57] 潘铁军,张加桥,李功成,等.“腰肋悬空”仰卧位经皮肾镜术在高危及肥胖患者中的应用.现代泌尿外科杂志,2011,16(3):219-221. [58] MAZZUCCHI E, VICENTINI FC, MARCHINI GS, et al.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in obese patients: comparison between the prone and total supine position. J Endourol, 2012,26(11):1437-1442. [59] FULLER A, RAZVI H, DENSTEDT JD, et al.The clinical research office of the endourological society percutaneous nephrolithotomy global study: Outcomes in the morbidly obese patient - a case control analysis. Can Urol Assoc J, 2014,8(5/6):E393-E397. [60] GOUMAS-KARTALAS I, MONTANARI E.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with spinal deformities. J Endourol, 2010,24(7):1081-1089. [61] WANG S, ZHANG X, XIAO B, et al.Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy for upper urinary tract calculi in patients with spinal deformity: a decade's experience. BJU Int, 2019,124(1):109-115. [62] OSTHER PJ, RAZVI H, LIATSIKOS E, et al.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy among patients with renal anomalies: patient characteristics and outcomes; a subgroup analysis of the clinical research office of the endourological society global percutaneous nephrolithotomy study. J Endourol, 2011,25(10):1627-1632. [63] SOHAIL N, ALBODOUR A, ABDELRAHMAN KM, et al.Supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy in horseshoe kidney. J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 2017,12(3):261-264. [64] OTAÑO N, JAIRATH A, MISHRA S, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in pelvic kidneys: is the ultrasound-guided puncture safe? Urology, 2015,85(1):55-58.
